Who Are the Masons? A Guide to the Ancient Craft
What is it about the Freemasons that captures the imagination? Is it the quiet presence of their Lodge buildings, often grand yet unassuming, tucked into the hearts of cities and towns worldwide? Perhaps it’s the whisper of secret handshakes, the air of ancient mystery, or the list of famous members that reads like a who’s who of world history. For centuries, this fraternity has been the subject of intense curiosity, wild speculation, and profound respect. The truth is often more fascinating, and far more meaningful, than any fiction.
This article pulls back the veil. It’s a straightforward, honest exploration of the world’s oldest and largest fraternity. We will journey from its historical roots in the stone quarries of antiquity to the tiled floors of a modern Lodge. We will explore what Masons believe, what they do in their meetings, and why their traditions have endured for centuries. This is not an exposé of secrets, but an illumination of purpose. It is a guide for the curious, a resource for the seeker, and a clear answer to the enduring question: Who are the Masons?
What is Freemasonry, Really?
Freemasonry is a fraternal organization that teaches moral and ethical lessons through a system of allegorical plays, symbols, and rituals. It is often described by its own members as "a beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols," a framework designed to take good men and help them become better, not for personal gain, but for the betterment of their families, communities, and themselves.
At its core, the fraternity is built upon the three great principles of Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth. These are not just abstract ideals, but practical guides for a Mason’s conduct in the world. It is a society of men concerned with moral and spiritual values, seeking to improve themselves and the world around them through fellowship, education, and charity, all while respecting the diverse religious and political beliefs of its members.
Where Did the Masons Come From?
The origins of Freemasonry are a rich tapestry of history and legend, blending documented facts with symbolic tradition. While its modern, organized form is well-documented, its philosophical roots stretch back much further, connecting it to the great builders and thinkers of the ancient world. This history is central to Masonic identity, providing the allegorical foundation upon which its teachings are built.
Did Freemasonry Evolve from Ancient Stonemason Guilds?
Yes, modern Freemasonry is widely believed to have evolved directly from the operative stonemason guilds that built the magnificent cathedrals and castles of medieval Europe. These were highly skilled craftsmen, and their guilds, or "lodges," were created to protect the secrets of their trade and to provide mutual aid and support for their members.
This evolution marks the shift from "operative" to "speculative" Masonry. Operative masons were the literal builders, working with physical stone and tools. Over time, men who were not stonemasons by trade, but were learned gentlemen, philosophers, and community leaders, began to be accepted into these lodges. These "speculative" Masons were not interested in building physical structures, but in using the tools and terminology of the stonemason, like the square, compasses, and plumb rule, as symbols for building a better moral and spiritual character.
When Did Modern Freemasonry Begin?
The formal, organized structure of modern Freemasonry began on June 24, 1717. On that day, four existing lodges in London, England, gathered at the Goose and Gridiron Alehouse and established the first Grand Lodge of England. This pivotal event marked the beginning of a new era for the fraternity.
The formation of the Grand Lodge standardized the rituals and created a central governing body, allowing for the organized chartering of new lodges. This new structure provided the stability and framework that enabled Freemasonry to spread rapidly, first throughout the British Isles, then across Europe, and eventually to the American colonies and the rest of the world, becoming the global fraternity it is today.
What Do Masons Actually Do?
Beyond the history and philosophy, many people wonder what Freemasons practically do when they meet. The activities within a Masonic Lodge are a blend of ceremony, business, and fellowship. These gatherings provide the structure through which Masonic teachings are passed down and the bonds of brotherhood are strengthened.
What Happens Inside a Masonic Lodge Meeting?
A typical Masonic meeting consists of a formal, ritualistic opening and closing, the transaction of lodge business, and often, the performance of a degree ceremony for a new or advancing member. The atmosphere is one of decorum, respect, and reverence for the traditions of the Craft.
The business portion of the meeting is much like that of any other organization. It includes reading the minutes of the previous meeting, discussing financial matters, planning charitable events, and voting on petitions from prospective members. Following the formal meeting, members often gather for a meal and social time, which is just as important for building camaraderie and friendship.
What Are the Masonic Degrees?
The core of the Masonic experience is centered on three symbolic degrees, collectively known as the Blue Lodge or Craft Masonry. These are the degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason. They are not ranks to be achieved, but rather stages in a lifelong journey of personal and moral development.
The Entered Apprentice degree is a candidate’s first step, representing birth and youth. It impresses upon him the importance of faith, morality, and secrecy. The Fellowcraft degree symbolizes manhood and the pursuit of knowledge, particularly the hidden arts and sciences, encouraging intellectual growth. Finally, the Master Mason degree represents maturity, wisdom, and the confrontation with one’s own mortality, teaching a powerful lesson about fidelity, integrity, and the hope of immortality.
Is There More After the Three Degrees?
Yes, after a man becomes a Master Mason, he has the option to expand his Masonic journey by joining various appendant bodies. These organizations are not "higher" in rank than the Master Mason degree, which is the pinnacle of the fraternity, but they offer further light and exploration into different philosophical, historical, and moral themes.
The two most prominent appendant bodies are the Scottish Rite and the York Rite. The Scottish Rite expands upon the lessons of the Blue Lodge through a series of 29 additional degrees, exploring a vast range of philosophical and historical subjects. The York Rite consists of several distinct bodies, including the Royal Arch, Cryptic Masons, and Knights Templar, each offering its own unique rituals and teachings that complement the initial three degrees.
What Are the Core Beliefs and Principles of Freemasonry?
Freemasonry is not a religion, but it is deeply rooted in spiritual and moral principles. Its teachings are designed to be compatible with a man’s personal faith, providing a universal framework for ethical living without imposing a specific theology. These core tenets are communicated through a rich language of symbols that have remained remarkably consistent for centuries.
What Is the Great Architect of the Universe?
The Great Architect of the Universe is the non-denominational term Freemasons use to refer to a Supreme Being. This concept is a cornerstone of the fraternity, as a belief in a higher power is the primary requirement for membership. The term is intentionally broad and inclusive.
By using a universal title like "Great Architect," Freemasonry allows men from diverse religious backgrounds, whether Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, or otherwise, to come together in a spirit of harmony. It allows each Mason to understand the Supreme Being according to the teachings of his own faith, without dogma or debate. The Lodge is a place where men can unite on this fundamental belief, leaving the specifics of their religious practice to their church, synagogue, or mosque.
What Do the Square and Compasses Symbolize?
The square and compasses are the most universally recognized symbol of Freemasonry, representing the core moral teachings of the Craft. Together, they form a visual guide for a Mason’s life, reminding him of his duties to God, his neighbors, and himself.
The square is an emblem of morality and virtue. It reminds a Mason to "square his actions" with all of mankind, living an upright and honest life. The compasses are a symbol of self-restraint, teaching a Mason to "circumscribe his desires" and keep his passions within due bounds. The letter ‘G’ often found in the center has multiple meanings, most commonly representing God, the central focus of Masonic reverence, and Geometry, the mathematical science that was the foundation of ancient stonemasonry and serves as a metaphor for the order and design of the universe.
What Are the Main Tenets of Freemasonry?
The principal tenets of Freemasonry, taught to every member from his first day, are Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth. These three principles form the bedrock of Masonic character and conduct, guiding a Mason’s interactions both inside and outside the lodge.
Brotherly Love is the duty to regard the entire human species as one family and to show tolerance, respect, and kindness toward others, especially a fellow Mason. Relief refers to charity and compassion. It is the obligation to relieve the distress of a worthy Brother, his family, and the community at large, through both financial aid and acts of service. Truth is the highest aim, representing the pursuit of divine truth, integrity, and self-knowledge, encouraging a Mason to be a man of his word and to seek wisdom throughout his life.
How Does Someone Become a Mason?
The process of becoming a Freemason is deliberate and reflective, designed to ensure that candidates are joining for the right reasons and are of a character that will uphold the fraternity’s values. Unlike many organizations, Freemasonry does not actively recruit new members, following a long-standing tradition that a man must seek it out of his own free will and accord.
What Are the Requirements for Joining?
To be eligible to join Freemasonry, a candidate must generally meet a few fundamental requirements. He must be a man of legal age, which is typically 18 or 21 depending on the specific jurisdiction. He must be of good moral character, with a positive reputation in his community. Most essentially, he must profess a belief in a Supreme Being.
The ancient requirement that a candidate be "free born" is today interpreted to mean that he is joining of his own volition, not due to pressure or improper solicitation from others. He must be his own man, capable of making his own decisions and dedicating himself to the principles of the Craft.
How Does the Application Process Work?
The traditional way to begin the process of joining is captured in the Masonic adage, "To be one, ask one." A man interested in joining should approach a Mason he knows and express his desire. If he doesn’t know any Masons, he can often find contact information for a local lodge online and make an inquiry directly.
Once he expresses interest, he will be given a petition to fill out. After submitting it, the Master of the lodge will appoint an investigation committee, typically of three members. This committee will meet with the petitioner, and often his family, to discuss his reasons for joining and to answer any questions he may have. Their goal is to assess his character and sincerity. Following a favorable report from the committee, the entire lodge will vote on his petition using a secret ballot, which must be unanimous for him to be accepted.
Why is Freemasonry So Secretive?
The "secrecy" of Freemasonry is one of its most misunderstood aspects. It has fueled centuries of suspicion and conspiracy theories, yet the reason for its privacy is far more practical and philosophical than sinister. Masons make a clear distinction between being a "secret society" and a "society with secrets."
Is Freemasonry a Secret Society?
No, Freemasons consider their fraternity to be a society with secrets, not a secret society. A truly secret society is one whose existence is hidden from the public. Freemasonry, by contrast, operates openly. Masonic lodges are clearly marked, listed in phone books, and have public websites. Members are free to identify themselves as Masons if they choose.
The "secrets" of Freemasonry are few and specific. They primarily consist of the traditional modes of recognition, such as passwords and handshakes, which serve to prove one is a member and can gain admission to a lodge meeting. They also include the specific allegorical details of the degree rituals, which are kept private to enhance their personal impact on the candidate.
Why Are the Rituals and Handshakes Kept Private?
The privacy surrounding Masonic rituals and modes of recognition serves two main purposes: preservation of the candidate’s experience and historical tradition. Keeping the details of the degree ceremonies private ensures that each new member experiences them without preconceived notions, allowing the moral lessons to unfold with maximum personal impact. It is like avoiding spoilers for a profound film or play.
The traditional handshakes and words are a legacy from the time of operative stonemasons. In an era before union cards or certificates, a traveling mason could prove his level of skill and qualifications to a new foreman by using the specific signs he had been taught. This allowed him to prove he was a legitimate member of the craft. Today, this tradition continues as a way to maintain the integrity and privacy of lodge meetings, ensuring that only those entitled to be present are admitted.
Are the Conspiracy Theories True?
For an organization dedicated to morality and charity, Freemasonry has been the target of a surprising number of conspiracy theories. These often paint the fraternity as a shadowy cabal bent on world domination or as a substitute for religion. A closer look at the facts and the actual rules of Freemasonry quickly dispels these myths.
Do Masons Control the World?
No, the idea that Freemasons secretly control governments, banks, or industries is a persistent myth with no basis in fact. One of the most fundamental rules of Freemasonry is that the discussion of sectarian religion and partisan politics is strictly forbidden within a lodge. This rule is designed to maintain harmony among men of different backgrounds and beliefs.
While it is true that many influential leaders throughout history, including presidents, prime ministers, and innovators, have been Freemasons, they acted as individuals guided by their own principles. Their membership in the fraternity was a part of their personal moral development, not a directive to carry out a Masonic agenda. There is no central, worldwide authority for Freemasonry that could orchestrate such a conspiracy.
Is Freemasonry a Religion or a Cult?
No, Freemasonry is unequivocally not a religion, nor does it seek to be a substitute for one. While it requires a belief in a Supreme Being, it offers no specific theology, no creed, no path to salvation, and no sacraments. It is a fraternity that encourages its members to be active in the religion of their own choosing.
Similarly, it lacks the defining characteristics of a cult. Freemasonry does not have a single charismatic leader demanding absolute devotion. It does not seek to isolate its members from their families or society, but rather encourages them to be better husbands, fathers, and citizens. It does not demand all of a member’s time or money. Instead, it is a supportive brotherhood that complements, rather than replaces, a man’s faith, family, and civic duties.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can women be Masons?
Regular Freemasonry, as recognized by the United Grand Lodge of England and the Grand Lodges in the United States, is a fraternity exclusively for men. However, there are parallel organizations, often called Co-Freemasonry or women’s Freemasonry, that admit women and practice similar rituals and teachings. These bodies are not formally recognized by mainstream male lodges but share a common philosophical heritage.
What is the cost of being a Freemason?
The cost of being a Mason is generally quite modest. There is typically a one-time initiation fee when a man first joins, which covers the cost of the degree work and materials. After that, members pay annual dues to their lodge, which are used to cover the operating expenses of the building, charitable donations, and social events. The exact amounts vary significantly from one lodge and jurisdiction to another.
What kind of charity work do Masons do?
Charity, or Relief, is a central pillar of Freemasonry. This work takes many forms, from large-scale, internationally recognized projects to quiet, local efforts. Perhaps the most famous Masonic charity is the Shriners Hospitals for Children, which provides world-class medical care to children regardless of their families’ ability to pay. Masons also fund scholarships, support medical research, run blood drives, and contribute to countless local community causes.
Is the Illuminati connected to Freemasonry?
No, the historical Illuminati has no connection to modern Freemasonry. The Bavarian Illuminati was a short-lived secret society founded in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt with a specific political and anti-clerical agenda. While some of its members were also Freemasons, the two organizations were distinct and often at odds. The Illuminati was suppressed and disbanded by the Bavarian government in 1785 and has not existed for over two centuries, despite its prominent role in modern conspiracy fiction.
The journey of a Mason is a journey inward. It is a commitment to self-discovery, guided by timeless symbols and profound philosophical questions. If you are a seeker of light, a student of the hidden mysteries, or a Brother looking to deepen your understanding, your path continues here. Explore the esoteric heart of the Craft with us. At Esoteric Freemasons, we do not just discuss the Craft, we illuminate it.
